Mihai Eminescu - translations by Adrian G. Sahlean & al.


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Selected
Poems

Poezii
Alese

Selected Poems - Poezii Alese

'Univers' Publishing House, Bucharest, Romania (2000)

This bilingual anthology 'Eminescu - Selected Poems / Poezii Alese' presents a succinct selection of English translations from Eminescu's poems (published both during his life or posthumous) and a fragment from Sarmanul Dionis (Wretched Dionis). The volume features illustrations by Mircia Dumitrescu, a Foreword by Dumitru Radu Popa and note by the translator.

The Romanian text of Eminescu's poems follows the Perpessicius edition (M. Eminescu, Selected Works, I-II, 2-nd edition, 'Scriitori Romani -Romanian Writers', Minerva Publishing House, Bucharest, 1973); the fragment from 'Sarmanul Dionis' follows the edition by D. Murarasu  (M. Eminescu, Works, volume VI, 'Scriitori Romani/Romanian Writers', Literary Prose, Minerva Publishing House, 1982.)

Following the Foreword to Edition you will find both English and Romanian reviews and reactions. The English texts are preasented first.


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Foreword - 'Ut Musica Poesis' (From Poetry, Music) - Dumitru Radu Popa

To me, these Eminescu translations are a clear winner! Adrian George Sahlean wagered and won a major and exciting bet: first with himself, and then with all scholars and translators who contend that the Romanian national poet’s works are untranslatable.

“I started translating Eminescu out of sheer love. Although long frustrated by the limits of translatability, I still wondered how Eminescu’s musicality and simplicity of expression could be suggested in English”. That is what Sahlean states in his ‘Translator’s note’ to the superb bilingual edition of The Legend of the Evening Star/Legenda Luceafarului published by Prospero Press (1996) with engravings by Traian Alexandru Filip and a preface by poet Nina Cassian.

What is in fact the nature of his bet? This very complex matter spans from anthropological conceptions and the ethnic mentality of languages to the less philosophical but important technicalities of vocabulary and grammar, the right balances between archaic and modern, etc.

Adrian George Sahlean prodded these with an intellect of broad and deep perception. Thoroughly analyzing previous English translations of Eminescu’s poetry, from E. Sylvia Pankhurst/I. O. Stefanovici to Levitchi/Bantas, Corneliu M. Popescu, Peter Grimm and Ioan Giurgea, he acquired that highly productive frustration which eventually pushed him to his wager: could things be done differently, in a completely other manner?

“My intention from the start, says Sahlean, was to give English speakers a sense of Eminescu’s unique sound and style, rather than fit him into expectations”. It is therefore not by accident that his translations are the opposite of predictable, cliche versions. He avoided, through skill, style and sensitivity, the perfect translation, akin to those by I. D. Suchianu in French which are perfectly unreadable to the French native because of their artificiality. Sahlean has chosen to focus on the genuine music of Eminescu’s poetry, believing almost mystically that translating the music would miraculously bring to life in English the original meanings and concepts (“I started The Evening Star from ‘the concord of sweet sounds’, with the hard to explain feeling that transposing the ‘music’ will keep me close to the content”).

The result is nothing short of amazing. Sahlean offers the English reader the full archetypal dimension of the Romanian poet in a pure and universal sound untainted by a local exotic flavor. His Eminescu joins the superior gallery of Romanticism without any of the epigonic or ancillary echoes from Byron or Shakespeare that are obvious in almost all-previous translations. By favoring words clean and simple, though not simplistic, Sahlean appropriately mirrors the Romanian vocabulary in Eminescu’s original wherein depth is more a result of suggestion than of the direct effect of big words and generic concepts charged with philosophic connotation.

In his remarkable Essay on the Principles of Translation, Alexander Fraser Tytler defines a “good translation” in terms that could easily fit Sahlean’s approach: “That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused with into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work”.

Tytler singled out creativity as a main feature in translating, clearly opening the door to freer renditions confined, however, by the reasonable principle of faithfulness to the spirit (rather than the letter!) of the original. This was a critical shift from the prevalent eighteenth century misconception, based on tacit acceptance of an imitation theory, that there was no value in literary translations.

There was yet another important tenet in Tytler: the translator needs an equally high perception of both languages in discussion. A perception from within, I would say – as, here again, Sahlean amply and aptly displays. Led by that musical essence of Eminescu’s poetry, which he re-invented in English, Sahlean delivers quite memorable equivalencies. To quote some of them for the English reader here, however, would be to favor the details against the splendor of the whole. That is because Sahlean’s translations reveal a profound unity of composition, consistent with Eminescu’s own conception and obvious on reading (and even more so on re-reading), and a clear feeling that the poetic body is not the sum of isolated sparks, but rather the superior expression of a comprehensive, holistic vision.

Rendering ‘the ease and natural of the original composition” was yet another cornerstone for Tytler. Sahlean fulfills this requirement with the skill and talent of a virtuoso. For his dream about an Eminescu sound in English did come true in this book: we can and should read his translations aloud, with no fear that the splendor of the original has been lost or diminished.

The classic dilemma of any translation, i.e. belles infideles versus laides fideles was solved here in an original, superior manner. Sahlean’s English translations of Eminescu give us belles fideles!

Dumitru Radu Popa


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Haunting Hedonism of Sound - Calin-Andrei Mihailescu

(Literary Research/Recherche Littéraire 17.34 - (Fall - Winter / automne - hiver, 2000) 447-49

It couldn’t help but be an exercise in fair complexity: the translation of Eminescu into English is implicitly an exercise in alienation. However, investing heavily into the figura of this late romantic (“National Poet,” all right?) is a favourite pastime of Romanian culture. It also is its chief claim to that superlative realism that aestheticizes nationalism unto the sacred. In the hottest nationalistic cauldrons of that culture it is held that Eminescu is “the most complete man of Romanian culture,” and even that “the 21st century will either be Eminescian or it won’t be at all.” Charged with such a limpy array of historical responsibilities that the duty to beauty did and does impose on his her(m)itage, Eminescu is supposed to be acidly defaced in translation. Thus, the task of his translator proves to be as hard as matter: he’s to betray text and country. On the other tongue, this “untranslatable” poet translates well, in the sense in which the loss of sublimity can be tamed and retained beautifully. One prime example is the glossy “Glossa” (1883), a text which has elicited championships of “this-sounds-so-good-in-English-too” versions. Adrian George Sahlean joins the club, en maître:

Time goes by, time comes along. / All is old and all is new; / What is right and what is wrong, / You must think and ask of you; / Have no hope and have no fear, / Waves that rise can never hold; / If they urge or if they cheer, / You remain aloof and cold.

Translation is a hellish work, thus not devoid of the pleasure of choosing – ad infinitum, as the monolingual St. Augustin would have it. Once the code of translation is found, once the music in-between takes over both choice and the meanness of meaning, sense begins to flow as freely as language allows. I suggest that such poems are not translated but “translating”: they become in the in-betweenness between source and target; unlike both Zeno’s arrow and the corporate thought of the arriviste, they float Mozart-like. This music’s accomplished task overcomes the translator; it also overcomes the readers, no longer pressed to claim the authorship of their reading: to poems in read, readers in love.

Sahlean has chosen the primacy of music; while loyally and almost flawlessly rewriting Eminescu’s prosody, he veils the challenges of translation under the effortlessness of smooth. This is fraught with the dangers of “mere sounding” that Eminescu himself was warning against: the reader could easily fall into the melopoea which renders meaning useless, thus offering the faint purposelessness of a puppet-mirror. Yet, there is redemption in this danger: wearing itself off in the repetitive patterns characteristic of Eminescu’s prosody, the pleasure of sound comes to haunt the readers and force them on the escape route from meaninglessness. This is the hope of meaning that Sahlean’s virtuos(o), soft versions offer as meaning: one is to – as if in protest – salute their emergence. Blushing and the sublime don’t translate; but the subtle reaction to both – melancholy – does, as in Sahlean’s version of “Peste vîrfuri” (Over treetops, 1883):

Over treetop, white moon wanders / Forest boughs shake gentle leaf / Sounds a horn with distant grief / Alders bow their heads asunder. // Far away and even farther, / Softer still, its fading breath / Soothing with a dream of death / My soul’s unrelenting ardour. // Why your music from me sever / When I turn to you, forlorn – / Will you sound again sweet horn / For my soul’s enchantment, ever?

Sahlean is the latest in a line-up of notable translators from the "local universalism" of Eminescu's Romanian into today's oecumene of AmerEnglish. Rehearsing imperfections which call attention to their virtual elimination in song, he mutes them after polishing repetitions, and chooses wisely to let music choose for him. He takes the implacable defeat of translation – gracefully; grace, thus, awaits the reader. This is how he renders, most memorably, the stanzas telling of the Evening Star’s flight through space to find the Maker and ask to be released from cold im-mortality:

A canopy of stars, below; / Above, a starry dome: / An endless lightning seemed to flow / And through the heavens roam. // And in the dark that streamed around, / As on the first day’s morn, / He glimpsed the chaos vales unbound / >From where the light is born. // He flies aswim through seas of light / With love on wings of thought... / Until all perishes from sight, / Until all turns to naught; // He goes where there’s no bound or bourn, / Nor is there eye to know, / And time itself from voids uptorn / Struggles in vain to grow; // For there is naught, yet it is there / A thirst that draws him on, / A depth that lingers, like the snare / Of blind oblivion...

The sorts of language draw high and near for any translator of “Luceafarul” (“The Evening Star,” or “Lucifer,” 1883), the one hundred-stanza poem offered as the standard and Romantic expression of the impossible love between the star and a maiden. Petre Grimm translated, à l’ancienne, its first and fairy-tale-like stanza, as:

There was, as in the fairy tales, / As ne’er in the time’s raid, /
There was, of famous royal blood / A most beautiful maid.

Corneliu M. Popescu, Eminescu’s teenage translator, renders it with British breath:

Once on a time, as poets sing / High tales with fancy laden, /
Born of a very noble king / There lived a wondrous maiden.

Sahlean’s “no-hiccup, non-nonsense” version runs:

... Now, once upon enchanted time, / As time has never been, /
There lived a princess most divine / Of royal blood and kin.

The bilingual reader, particularly the diasporic intellectual to whose class the now New England-based Sahlean belongs, can appreciate that these translations have the energy to build a fictional country for their own dwelling. Heidegger thought that language is the house of being (it might look so from the unmoved, Archimedean standpoint of myth-ridden Black Forest), but for an expatriate like Cioran, la patrie is a tent pitched in the desert. The tent is made of words, no less, and this country on the move, this transatlantic movement of people and texts, gives the reader the leisure to repose in between. In this floating country no Wronglish could be spoken. Sahlean’s versions collapse the small infinite that separates emigration from immigration with the large one that looms between source and target. Translation here is a sign of the easy age where metaphorical exile and actual commuting take over the dramatic exile of those hard times that make up the human fabric of futures past. Translation here becomes a faked exile: a self-effacing rendition of Eminescu’s “deportation in being.” When dis/hardening of meaning, empty words bear lovely music.

Calin-Andrei Mihailescu


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Apa trece, pietrele raman - Dumitru Ichim

("Observatorul", 6/14/2006, Toronto, Canada)

          Ca orice român Adrian George Sahlean este fascinat de frumuseţea, muzicalitatea şi adâncimea spirituală a stihului eminescian, dar spre deosebire de alţii, Sahlean nu poate rezista ispitei de a împărtăşi emoţia artistică şi altor iubitori de poezie care nu pot să-l savureze în original. S-au făcut şi se vor mai încerca traduceri din Eminescu, dar prin ce este unică tălmăcirea lui Sahlean? Este ea una dintre tălmăciri, sau este tălmăcirea? Cândva o să avem surpriza să ne cadă în mână un volum de versuri semnate de acest poet îndrăgostit de lirica eminesciană. Mă aştept la ea pentru că Sahlean are un suflet de poet, condeiul putând surprinde în traducere toată încărcătura de nuaţe a verbului eminescian. Este una să desenezi o floare şi este cu totul altceva să o trans-plantezi. Ti se cere acelaşi sol de flexiuni lingvistice, acelaşi unghi de rază, aceeaşi paralelă sufletească şi meridian cât de cât aproximativ în perceperea izvorului. Dar cum poate cineva care transplantează să nu scuture polenul, să nu sperie nici baletul de fluture pe o petală, nici să răstoarne potirul albinelor şi nici să rupă păienjenişul de aur al lunii? Unii traduc cuvânt cu cuvânt credincioşi zăbalei lexicale, alţii traduc liber şi aiurea, alţii renunţă la povestea izvoarelor murmurată pe sideful adjectival şi curcubeicul jucat pe prispa de scoică şi aşa mai departe.

Pentru Sahlean traducerea este un fel de act liturgic de creaţie şi geneză când “totalul e mai mare decât suma părţilor sale”, o euharistie în care “ale Tale dintru ale Tale” sunt aduse în numele întregii creaţii în jertfa nesângeroasă şi de taină a Cuvântului. De aici greutatea şi piatra de încercare pentru orice traducător. Dacă missa este cântată la orgă nu o poţi cânta cu ţambalul şi nici arcul gotic nu-l poţi înlocui cu unghiul drept de tavernă. Analogia ne duce la o atitudine care nu este chiar de neînţeles. De exemplu “majoritatea combinaţiilor de rimă, cum cu bună dreptate observă Sahlean, azi tabulate în dicţionare, s-au ‘epuizat’ după atâta amar de ani de împerecheri. In plus, în cultura invadatoare de mass media, atât ziaristica precum şi reclama comercială au intensificat clişeizarea rimelor, accelerând un process firesc de inflaţie.” De unde şi falsa percepţie că ritmul şi rima sunt nişte scule facile şi desuete.

Intenţia poetului traducător a fost dintru început de a “sugera în engleză specificitatea de stil şi sonoritate a lui Eminescu, nu de a-l forţa în tiparul aşteptărilor.” Pentru Sahlean, înrudit cu sclipirile neastâmpărate de cleştar muzical la Mozart sau cele ale lui Vivaldi, Eminescu se aseamănă cu muzica lor, adică: “combinaţiile sunt simple şi previzibile, dar efectul cumulative are seninătate şi o liniştitoare adâncime ce nu se explică prin examinarea separată a componentelor.” Autorul ne invită insistent să-l ascultăm pe Eminescu: “Citiţi-l cu voce tare!”

Cartea “Poezii alese - Selected Poems”, apărută în “Editura Univers”, Bucureşti, 2000, cuprinde un florilegiu selectat din poezia eminesciană. Ilustraţia cărţii aparţine talentatului grafician Mircia Dumitrescu. In prefaţa semnată de Dumitru Radu Popa citim: “Traducerile lui Adrian George Sahlean din poezia lui Eminescu reprezintă, în primul rând, un mare pariu câştigat. E un pariu făcut deopotrivă cu sine însuşi, dar şi cu acei specialişti şi traducători care susţin teza intraductibilităţii poetului nostru naţional.”

E interesant cum o creaţie bine realizată o asociem cu vârsta toamnei şi înţelepciunea senectuţii. Pe Sahlean îl urmăresc demult prin prisăcile lirice ale slovei eminesciene. Mi-l imaginam cu nişte ochelari cu dioptrii mărite şi eventual o cârjă. Pe“bătrânul” care mă vrăjise prin arta de poetică înţelegere a punţii către Logos l-am întâlnit la “Săptămâna Românilor” din Hamilton. Era mai tânăr decât visurile mele. Acest ...“bătrân”, un fel de bibliotecă ambulantă, era de o smerenie rară. In liniştea de slavoslovie a “Câmpului Românesc” din Hamilton Sahlean adusese cu el freamătul teiului din Ipoteşti şi nostalgia irmoaselor eminesciene pe care le îngânam şi noi adinioară “ pe lângă plopii fără soţ”.

Aşa începe Eminescu ,“citit cu voce tare” de Sahlean, în limba lui Shakespeare: “...Now, once upon enchanted time, / As time has never been, /There lived a princess most divine/ Of royal blood and kin.” Este păstrat ritmul, rima, sensul şi muzicalitatea. E vorba de o artă de giuvaergiu pe care Sahlean o stăpâneşte. Diamantul e scump. Trebuie cioplit cu multă grijă. Mai mult chiar, trebuie să posezi şi vrăjitoria de “poveste a vorbei” de a prinde pe fiecare colţ diamantin chiotul de horă al luminii. Bunăoară: “La steaua” . Nu e vorba numai de meşteşug, ci pur şi simplu de harul inspiraţiei ca să realizezi o asemenea traducere fidelă originalului din toate punctele de vedere:”It may have long died on its way/ Into the distant blue/ and only now appears its ray / To shine for us as true.” Poate şi mai dificilă de tradus a fost strofa următoare gândindu-ne că figura de stil a antinomiei este un joc pe muchea de lamă care în traducere poate deveni... lamentabilă: “We see an icon slowly rise/ And climb the canopy;/ It lived when yet unknown eyes/ We see what ceased to be.”

Alexandrinii sunt uşor de tradus, dar ce ne facem cu un cântec de vioară în care arcuşul urmează abecedarul de fulger ca în poeziea “Stelele-n cer” . In româneşte: “Stelele-n cer / Deasupra mărilor/ Ard depărtărilor,/ Până ce pier.” E scrisă într’o grafie paganinică. Intr’adevăr un pariu greu de câştigat. Si iată cum l-a câştigat Sahlean: “Stars in the sky/ Of lone existence / Burn in the distance, / Until they die.”

In contextul literaturii române al începutului de mileniu Adrian George Sahlean aduce un suflu nou de suflet curat, angelic aş zice, înalt ca pietrele Ceahlăului ale neamului nostru aducând un omagiu lui Eminescu - acest sfânt al graiului nostru. Nu este un lucru uşor. Toţi avortonii din mahalaua actuală a literaturii noastre sunt posedaţi de sindromul copilului prost crescut care pentru a câştiga atenţia se pretează la cele mai stupide gesturi. E la modă să scuipi pe Eminescu şi pe generaţia de creatori dintre cele două războaie mondiale, să-ţi faci glorie din batjocorirea voievozilor şi sfinţilor noştri.

Apa trece, dar pietrele rămân. Si una dintre ele se numeşte Adrian George Sahlean.

Dumitru Ichim


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